Mathematical formulation and heuristic algorithms for optimisation of auto-part milk-run logistics network considering forward and reverse flow of pallets

The operational planning of distribution network for automotive industry is complex with many conditions to consider, including heterogeneous fleet, enforcing the feasibility of 3D-packing of pallets into vehicles to address the vehicle's capacity in terms of weight and volume, compatibility of orders in a vehicle, returning empty pallets from assembly-plants backwards to suppliers, and delivery time windows. A mathematical model (MILP) is proposed that takes account of these conditions to minimise total transportation costs. The network structure can be a combination of direct shipment and milk-run for both forward and reverse flow of pallets. The model is solved optimally for small-size problems. For solving larger problems, a heuristic algorithm (in two versions) is proposed that uses a similarity measure to generate a reasonable list of orders. Best/first-fit strategies are employed to generate a feasible solution with the aid of a relaxed version of the proposed MILP. Improvement heuristics are also designed. Unlike most of existing constructive heuristics, our aim for developing the heuristic approach is to force routing decision, with all of its considerations, being made optimal. We also use the proposed best-fit strategy in the body of grouping evolution strategy (GES) algorithm to attain an effective meta-heuristic approach. The effectiveness of heuristics is tested on generated instances which demonstrates they are optimal for small-size problems. They are also tested on the data of daily auto-parts shipments gathered from the largest Iranian automobile company. Results demonstrate there exists a significant potential for cost saving through milk-run strategy compared with the direct shipping strategy.     

超精密气体静压系统节流器法向随机微振动研究

以无气腔平面节流器为研究对象,对节流器流固耦合法向随机微振动进行了理论仿真和实验研究。受限于节流器厚度与气膜厚度尺寸的差异和输入初始边界条件,建立了节流器的COMSOL仿真简化模型,对节流器-气膜微流场进行双向流固耦合数值模拟。仿真结果表明,节流器的法向随机微振动幅值关于节流器中心对称,且由中心向边缘逐渐增大;微振动幅值随气体入口流速的增大而增大。实验采用纳米级激光测振仪,依次测量供气压力为0.1,0.2,…,0.5 MPa时尺寸为75 mm×50 mm×14 mm的HEXAGON双环联结型节流器多个不同位置的法向振动,实验结果表明,法向随机微振动幅值分布特性与仿真结果一致,关于节流器中心对称,且由中心向边缘逐渐增大,验证了节流器法向微振动的"跷跷板"振动形式;在0.5 MPa供气压力下,边缘振动幅值超过1 nm。对实验数据进行功率谱密度分析,结果表明不同供气压力下法向随机微振动均在9.4 kHz和10.6 kHz处产生较大功率,可认为与节流器-气膜流固耦合系统的固有频率有关。研究结果有效地揭示了节流器法向随机微振动的特性,为气体静压系统避开随机共振区、优化气体静压系统的设计提供了理论指导。     

高强不锈钢绞线网与ECC黏结-滑移关系模型

高强不锈钢绞线网与ECC的黏结是二者协同工作的基础，且黏结 滑移关系模型是其黏结性能的综合反映，故通过对17组51个高强不锈钢绞网增强ECC薄板试件进行单边拉拔试验，研究横向钢绞线间距、纵向钢绞线直径和相对锚固长度等因素对钢绞线网在ECC中黏结性能的影响规律。试验结果表明，横向钢绞线的设置可使黏结破坏由脆性破坏转变为延性破坏；高强不锈钢绞线网与ECC的黏结滑移曲线可分为5个阶段，分别为上升段、微降段、延性强化段、下降段和残余段。基于试验结果，对钢绞线网在ECC中的黏结破坏特征和黏结 滑移机理进行分析，在相关黏结-滑移关系模型的基础上，提出钢绞线网与ECC的黏结 滑移关系模型，并进行模型参数分析。所提模型及模型参数计算公式与试验结果吻合良好，能较好地反映钢绞线网与ECC的界面黏结滑移特征。     

臭氧氧化-循环喷淋法处理钨钼选矿废水

采用臭氧氧化-循环喷淋法去除钨钼选矿废水中COD,研究了pH值、臭氧流量、循环频率对COD去除效果的影响。结果表明: 废水COD去除率随pH值、臭氧流量、循环频率增大而增加,在pH值为10、臭氧流量3.0 L/min、循环频率4.0次/min条件下,氧化120 min后废水COD含量由131 mg/L降至11.5 mg/L,COD去除率达91.2%,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准。与O₂、NaClO处理废水COD的对比试验结果表明,循环喷淋法结合O₃表现出较好的COD去除效果。     

宁夏红寺堡盆地隐伏古隆起成因机制及其对区域沙漠化的影响

目前对于青藏高原东北缘活动构造研究多集中于活动断裂带的活动性,而对夹持于其间的沉积盆地构造格架及活动性研究甚少。以夹持于烟筒山断裂与牛首山—罗山断裂之间的宁夏红寺堡盆地为研究对象,采用重力资料重处理解译、音频大地电磁测深(AMT)和地震勘探相结合,揭示红寺堡盆地隐伏构造特征,并进一步采用盆山一体化思路分析隐伏构造的成因机制及其对区域沙漠化的控制作用。结果表明:青藏高原在中新世末发生强烈的NE向推挤、扩展和隆升,红寺堡盆地由坳陷盆地转变为挠曲盆地; 在青藏高原NE向扩展的影响下,烟筒山断裂发生强烈的逆冲作用,古生代—中生代基底逆冲于古近系—新近系之上,受构造变形影响的最新地层为中新统彰恩堡组; 红寺堡盆地内的隐伏古隆起呈NW—SE向,与烟筒山构造带具有相同的构造动力学背景,受青藏高原NE向扩展影响形成于中新世末,并且至今仍具有活动性; 隐伏古隆起周缘断裂的活动破坏了地表稳定性、蓄水能力和地表植被,导致区域沙漠化呈现有规律的NW—SE向带状展布。该研究成果对于宁夏红寺堡盆地区域稳定性评价及沙漠化的综合治理具有现实指导意义。     

Control Model for Large‐Sized Gantry Type Linear Motor Slider

At present, many industrial carrier devices utilize linear motor sliders. However, a heavier load requires a linear motor (which is an example of a direct drive device) to get higher power, compared with a rotary motor with a ball screw slider (which is an example of an indirect drive device). In order to obtain higher power at a lower cost, a linear slider with multiple motors can be utilized, for example, a gantry type linear motor slider. Moving the gantry type slider requires two linear motors that are set up in parallel to enable synchronization control. Some conventional synchronization control methods have been proposed for the parallel twin linear slider; however, a large‐scaled gantry type linear motor slider has two unique problems: mechanical distortion caused by the limitations of installation environment and coupling caused by joints with low stiffness. This paper proposes a control model to solve these problems, and an identification method of each parameter. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the control model is verified by comparison with simulation results and experimental results.     

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles prepared by microwave hydrothermal synthesis and adsorption efficiency for organic dyes: Isotherms,thermodynamics and kinetic studies

Magnetic nanoferrites (MFe₂O₄, M = Co, Ni) were successfully synthesised through microwave-hydrothermal route, characterised and used for adsorption of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) and Bromophenol Blue (BRB) dyes from their aqueous solution. The powder XRD patterns confirmed the formation of cubic spinel structure for both the ferrites. Under identical conditions, the adsorption efficiency of CoFe₂O₄ was found relatively higher than the corresponding NiFe₂O_4. Further characterisations revealed that CoFe₂O₄ sample was nearly spherical in size (8–9 nm) with narrow size distribution. The sample showed superparamagnetic behaviour with saturation magnetization (M_s) value (66.4 emu/g). BET surface area calculated for the synthesized cobalt ferrite as 70.9 m²/g. Batch adsorption experiments as a function of initial dye concentration, pH, contact time and adsorbent dose showed the adsorption of dyes depends on pH. Equilibrium adsorption data were well explained by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities (Q_o) were found to be 82.6 and 25.6 mg/g for EBT and BRB dyes, respectively. Kinetics of the adsorption was best described by pseudo-second-order model. Various thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS derived from adsorption data over the temperature range 20–50 °C, accounted for a favourable, spontaneous, endothermic physisorption process. The materials showed potential for repeated use without significant decrease in adsorption capacity after proper regeneration.     

β-环糊精修饰Ni/SFCC强化C9石油树脂催化加氢性能

以废弃的流化催化裂化催化剂（简称SFCC）为载体、β-环糊精为金属络合剂、硝酸镍为镍源，采用湿法浸渍法制备β-环糊精修饰的Ni/SFCC催化剂（简称Ni/SFCC-CD催化剂），考察其对C9石油树脂的催化加氢性能。通过BET比表面积测试、H2程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂的物相结构进行表征，研究β-环糊精的作用机理及其对催化剂加氢性能的影响。研究结果表明：在反应温度为260 ℃、反应压力为7 MPa、反应时间为2.0 h的最优条件下，采用Ni/SFCC-CD催化C9石油树脂加氢，可制得溴值为1.45 gBr/（100 g）、色号（加纳德）小于1的水白色氢化C9石油树脂，催化剂循环使用4次后仍保持良好活性；β-环糊精的作用机理是：β-环糊精与硝酸镍产生络合作用，抑制硝酸镍的分解、控制NiO的结晶过程和增强活性组分Ni与载体之间的相互作用力，从而提高了Ni/SFCC-CD的催化活性和稳定性。     

耦合效应下压力型锚索锚固机理的近似理论分析

为了更加精确地研究压力型锚索的锚固机理,基于锚索预应力与岩土体蠕变的耦合效应推导了锚索预应力方程。在此基础上根据Mindlin问题解,推导了耦合效应作用下锚索砂浆体的压应力和剪应力近似解,并考虑锚索预应力与岩土体蠕变之间的耦合效应进行了案例分析。研究结果表明:锚索预应力和砂浆体受到的应力峰值均按反幂函数随时间逐渐衰减并稳定;承压板的长宽比与压应力峰值之间存在正相关关系,与剪应力峰值之间存在负相关关系;岩土体的泊松比与应力峰值之间存在正相关关系。该成果丰富了压力型锚索锚固机理的理论研究,可为边坡锚固设计提供一定的理论依据。     

Sequence-Dependent Nanofiber Structures of Phenylalanine and Isoleucine Tripeptides

The molecular design of short peptides to achieve a tailor-made functional architecture has attracted attention during the past decade but remains challenging as a result of insufficient understanding of the relationship between peptide sequence and assembled supramolecular structures. We report a hybrid-resolution model to computationally explore the sequence–structure relationship of self-assembly for tripeptides containing only phenylalanine and isoleucine. We found that all these tripeptides have a tendency to assemble into nanofibers composed of laterally associated filaments. Molecular arrangements within the assemblies are diverse and vary depending on the sequences. This structural diversity originates from (1) distinct conformations of peptide building blocks that lead to different surface geometries of the filaments and (2) unique sidechain arrangements at the filament interfaces for each sequence. Many conformations are available for tripeptides in solution, but only an extended β-strand and another resembling a right-handed turn are observed in assemblies. It was found that the sequence dependence of these conformations and the packing of resulting filaments are determined by multiple competing noncovalent forces, with hydrophobic interactions involving Phe being particularly important. The sequence pattern for each type of assembly conformation and packing has been identified. These results highlight the importance of the interplay between conformation, molecular packing, and sequences for determining detailed nanostructures of peptides and provide a detailed insight to support a more precise design of peptide-based nanomaterials.